Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA): with Special Reference to the "Lost" Parade in Columbus, Ohio, September 25, 1923‪.‬

Introduction The scholarship and analysis regarding the Marcus Garvey movement is varied and profound in relation to the macro perspective. Today there are both contemporary and secondary sources available that provide great insight into the philosophy and practice of Garveyism and its key organization, the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). Arguably, most notable among these studies are: Amy Jacques Garvey (1970), E. David Cronon (1955), John Henrik Clarke (1974), Robert A. Hill (1983-1986, 1989-1990), Tony Martin (1976, 1983), and Rupert Lewis(1988). In addition, we must acknowledge the sterling editorial work of Garvey's second wife, Amy Jacques Garvey (18951973), in compiling The Philosophy & Opinions of Marcus Garvey, contained in two volumes and published in 1923 and 1925 respectively (see Garvey, 1986; Taylor, 2002, p.3). Collectively, the above scholarship provides a significant foundation in comprehending the greatest example of Black Nationalism to have impacted the modern world. Indeed, nothing has emerged since the high point of the Garvey era (1920s) to surpass its impact as a Pan-African movement in organizing the masses of Black peoples of African heritage.