Women's Ways of Collaboration: A Case Study in Proposal Development‪.‬

Introduction American universities were designed by men for men. Structures such as tenure accommodated the lifestyles of men, who usually had women at home to care for them, be it a wife, mother, sister, or housekeeper (Hamilton, 2002). A work ethic grounded in long hours of conducting research, teaching, or writing papers was the norm in the "male" university (Ostrow, 2002). The "ideal faculty worker puts in long hours and demonstrates high levels of effort and commitment to the job" (Helfat, 2002, p. 330). This "unbending nature of the American workplace, configured around a male career model established in the 19th century" is a custom that higher education still dings to today (Mason & Goulden, 2002, p. 11), as indicated by the work of several authors. Park (1996) posited that "A gendered division of labor exists within (as outside) the contemporary academy wherein research is implicitly deemed 'men's work' and is explicitly valued, whereas teaching and service are characterized as 'women's work' and explicitly devalued" (p. 4). Gunter and Stambach (2003) stated, "Historians and anthropologists point out that academic science has typically been a male-dominated field, and that it continues to be organized in ways that reflect its gendered history" (p. 24). Even research methodology has been said to follow a masculine framework (Harding & Norberg, 2005).