Higher Invertebrates

Higher Invertebrates continues the topics started in Lower Invertebrates. The focus in this study unit is on invertebrates that have a coelom, therefore the structures and specializations for life functions of annelids (earthworms, in particular), mollusks, echinoderms (specifically sea stars) and different types of arthropods are presented. It concludes with an ecological consideration of these animal groups.  The unit is supported by original artwork and labeled diagrams and contains many questions such as short answer and multiple choice that are linked to their answers for self-testing. It also includes sets of written answer questions to help build one’s understanding of the concepts presented. The unit features an interactive Taxonomic Guide and interactive Glossary with hundreds of contextually explained terms.


Higher Invertebrates is extracted from Biology 11 Study Guide, which is the fourth edition of a student study guide written to match the curriculum of British Columbia. The concepts presented are applicable to the biology curricula of other educational jurisdictions as well.