Vulnerability and Retrofitting Techniques for Non-engineered Unreinforced Masonry Buildings in Seismic Prone Countries

Unreinforced masonry structures (URM) are prevalent in underdeveloped and developing countries. The majority of these URM structures are not engineered; they simply follow local construction techniques and usually do not comply with any seismic standards.
After a thorough description of the methods of construction and the materials used for URM buildings all over the world, the most common seismic damage and failure types for each system are presented and explained through figures and actual case study pictures. Then the book focuses on the low-cost repair, strengthening, and retrofitting tailored for non-engineered (URM) buildings in seismic-prone regions. Emphasising local and global stability, it encompasses a diverse spectrum of strengthening approaches. Each technique is meticulously described, providing insights into its range of applications, the basic scientific concept and key considerations for the design and the application process. Through meticulous planning and execution, these techniques enhance seismic resilience while considering factors such as building condition, seismic hazard, and cultural significance.
This state-of-the-art document encompasses the knowledge assimilated from the effects of past seismic events on different types of URMs and aims to empower communities in safeguarding lives and heritage against seismic hazards, providing solutions that are both cost-effective and comprehensive. It focuses on low-cost seismic repair, strengthening and retrofitting techniques, considering the main URM structural typologies and respective seismic failures in underdeveloped and developing countries and could serve as a useful tool for practical engineers and designers.