Between Making and Knowing

This book offers a comprehensive sketch of the tools used in material research and the rich and diverse stories of how those tools came to be. We aim to give readers a sense of what tools materials researchers required in the late 20th century, and how those tools were developed and became accessible. The book is in a sense a collective biography of the components of what the philosopher of science, Ian Hacking, calls the 'instrumentarium' of materials research. Readers should gain an appreciation of the work materials researchers put into developing and using such tools, and of the tremendous variety of such tools. They should also gain some insight into the material (and hence financial) prerequisites for materials research. Materials research requires funding for the availability and maintenance of its tools; and the category of tools encompasses a broad range of substances, apparatus, institutions, and infrastructure.Contents: Acknowledgements Notes on Contributors Introduction: Tools in Materials Research (Joseph D Martin and Cyrus C M Mody) Always Already Tools: Always Already Tools: Introduction (Hermione Giffard): Glassware (Catherine M Jackson) Thermometers (John C Powers) Simple Heating (Cyrus C M Mody) Scales and Balances (Joseph D Martin) Light Microscopy (Hubertus Nederbragt) Manuals, Handbooks, and Recipes (Joanna Behrman) Distillation (Phillip C Wankat) Mixing Equipment (Philippe Martin) Invisible and Infrastructural Tools: Invisible and Infrastructural Tools: Introduction (Cyrus C M Mody): Buildings (Brit Shields) Safety Equipment (Amy E Slaton) Vacuum Chambers, Pumps, Gauges, and Systems (Cyrus C M Mody) Contamination Control (Dan Holbrook) Trade Catalogs (Max Moeller) Bibliographic Tools (Debra Kolah) International Standards (Sharon Tsaai-Hsuan Ku) Computer Simulations (Julia R S Bursten) Information Display and Recording (Cyrille Foasso) Mechanical Testing (Justin Carone) Climate Test Chambers and Exposure Testing (Andreas T Haka) Tools for Making Materials: Tools for Making Materials: Introduction (Cyrus C M Mody): Modern Heating Technologies (Pierre Teissier) Refrigerators and Vacuum Flasks (Simón Reif-Acherman) High-Pressure Apparatus (Anthony S Travis) Bioorganic Synthesis (Victoria Lee) Chromatography (Apostolos Gerontas) Lithography (Joseph D Martin and Cyrus C M Mody) Ion Implantation (Christophe Lécuyer) Power Sources (Matthew N Eisler) Molecular Beam Epitaxy (Brian Tyrrell) Vapor Deposition (Jorijn van Duijn) Nuclear Research and Test Reactors (Mark D Bowles) Centrifuges (Andrew Ede) Tools for Characterizing Materials: Tools for Characterizing Materials: Introduction (Joseph D Martin) X-Ray Crystallography of Biomaterials (Robin Wolfe Scheffler) Raman Spectroscopy (Indianara Silva) Infrared Spectroscopy (Loïc Petitgirard) Ultraviolet Spectroscopy (Gerald Gallwas) Mössbauer Spectroscopy (Catherine Westfall) Lasers (Benjamin Wilson) Probe and Other Microscopies (Cyrus C M Mody) Scanning Electron Microscopy (Pedro Ruiz-Castell) Aberration-Corrected Electron Microscopy (Thomas Vogt) Mass Spectrometry (Keith A Nier) Thermography (Andreas T Haka) Neutron Sources (Olof Hallonsten and Thomas Kaiserfeld) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (Joseph D Martin) Synchrotron Light Sources (Robert P Crease) Index Readership: Researchers and graduate students in materials science and related fields.Instruments;Experimental Apparatus;Twentieth Century Science;Laboratories0Key Features: There are no competing volumes that cover such a wide range Our list of authors includes a number of the most prominent mid-career and senior scholars working on this topic (e.g., Amy Slaton, Robert Crease, Catherine Westfall, Christophe Lécuyer) as well as many of the rising stars of the field whose names will be prominent in years to come (e.g., Victoria Lee, Julia Bursten, Joanna Behrman, Robin Scheffler, Ben Wilson) The volume offers a comprehensive sketch of the tools used in materials research and the colorful stories of...