Chinese Labor Unions in America‪.‬

Chinese traditionist organizations were formed based on having one of the following criteria in common: locality of origin, clan identity, fraternal bonds, or common economic interests. The last included organizations formed by merchants, small entrepreneurs, professionals, and craftsmen and artisans as well as workers. They tended to form wherever there were economic activities of some scope that demanded organization to regulate activities and to protect economic interests. Merchant organizations such as the Chamber of Commerce, being part of the leadership in the Chinese community, had long been known to the public; however, craft and labor guilds that had been a part of Chinese traditionist society had been little studied. The following paper by Walter N. Fong (Kuang Huatai; Kum Ngon Fong) on Chinese labor guilds, or as the author preferred to call them, Chinese labor unions, was first published in Chautauquan, vol. 23 (1896), 399-402. It was one of the few contemporary descriptions of these organizations on the American mainland. Fong was a Chinese Christian of Taishan ancestry and one of the earliest Chinese graduates of Stanford University. Later he married a white woman, Emma Ellen House, and took a teaching position at University of California, Berkeley. When Sun Yatsen arrived on the American mainland in 1904, Fong was among the group of Christian converts who listened to Sun speak at the Presbyterian Church in San Francisco and was first to join Sun's Revive China Society. In 1905 he and his wife departed for Hong Kong where he soon sickened and passed away. His wife returned to America and in 1907 married Yoshio Kuno, Fong's colleague and friend at the university.