Motivation in second language acquisition

This paper is about motivation in second language acquisition. First the term
“motivation” will be defined and explained. Afterwards this paper will explain
what different kinds of motivation exist and how they help to learn language. I
will focus on the work of Rod Ellis and Robert C. Gardner as well as the works
of Kimberly A. Noels.
The final part of the paper will discuss motivation in the classroom and how to
improve the motivation of students as a teacher. For this part I will focuse on
the works of J. Brophy. Motivation is often named together with aptitude. Therefore it is vital to define
the difference between aptitude and motivation.
Ellis (2008:75) states while aptitude describes the “cognitive abilities that
underlie successful L2 acquisition, motivation involves the attitudes and
affective states that influence the degree of effort that learners make to learn
an L2”.
So aptitude is a more or less stable component which the individual can not
directly interfere with. Motivation on the other hand is a component that can
change comparatively fast and can be altered by the learner himself.
Gardner (2001) writes that motivation describes the driving force behind the
effort of a learner. Motivation consists of three elements. The first element is
“effort”. A more motivated learner will put more effort in his or her studies. He
will be open to do extra work in order to improve his language skills, spend
more time with studying for the language and even deal with the subject on a
subconscious level. [...]