Stoic Six Pack 4

“The truth is hypothetical.”


Scepticism (or skepticism), the belief that requires all information to be well supported by evidence, originated in the Skeptikoi, a first century BC Greek school who “asserted nothing.” The school was founded by Aenesidemus; our main source of the school’s teachings is Sextus Empiricus and the leader of the Sceptics was Pyrrho of Elis (365-275 BC) who had traveled to India and studied with the gymnosophists (naked lovers of wisdom). From India, Pyrrho brought back the idea that nothing can be known for certain. The senses are easily fooled, and reason follows too easily our desires.  Along with Stoicism and Epicureanism, Scepticism was  one of the three dominant schools of Hellenistic Philosophy.


A sextet of sceptic texts has been collected in Stoic Six Pack 4 – The Sceptics:


Pyrrhonic Sketches by Sextus Empiricus  

Life of Pyrrho by Diogenes Laërtius

Sextus Empiricus and Greek Scepticism by Mary Mills Patrick  

The Greek Sceptics: from Pyrrho to Sextus by Norman MacColl   

Stoics and Sceptics by Edwyn Bevan

Life of Carneades by Diogenes Laërtius


A key concept for the sceptics was ataraxia ("tranquility"), a Greek term used by Pyrrho to describe a lucid state of robust tranquility, characterized by ongoing freedom from distress and worry. By applying ideas of what he called "practical skepticism" to Ethics and to life in general, Pyrrho concluded that  ataraxia could be achieved. Arriving at a state of ataraxia became the ultimate goal of the early Skeptikoi.


“Skepticism is the first step toward truth.” 

- Denis Diderot