The Changing Shape of Islamic Politics in Malaysia‪.‬

Malaysia has long been viewed as a model of a "moderate" Islamic polity. Muslims and non-Muslims have enjoyed the same civil and political rights, (1) and Islamic parties have competed alongside secular ones in periodic elections, in spite of the distinctly Islamic timbre of Malaysia's state and society. Growing domestic political volatility, however, has led many to question the viability of political moderation. Mounting Islamism among the public, reflected both in the rise of Islamic nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and in the greater priority placed on public displays and enforcement of piety, has spurred and been reinforced by increasingly Islamist political parties. Discussions of political change have come to revolve largely around the place of Islam in party platforms and state institutions. The relative position of Muslim and non-Muslim citizens in the polity has altered with the incremental Islamization of state and society, and observing religious rituals has become a matter as much of state law as of personal choice for Muslims. Internationally, too, Malaysia has come to emphasize more its ties with non-Western and especially Muslim-majority states. Islam has thus become increasingly central to Malaysian politics--even though only slightly more than half the population (all ethnic Malays, and a small proportion of Indians, Chinese, and others) is Muslim. (2) Fostering this trend has been a combination of ideational shifts, generational change, and geopolitical transformation. Malaysia provides a valuable example of how redefinition of Islam and its relationship with other political discourses (primarily democracy and ethnicism), the rise of younger leaders who came of age amid the Islamic resurgence, and attempts to position a Muslim-majority state strategically in a world focused intently on the purported dangers of Islam force religion to the forefront of political debates. This reconfiguration makes religion a primary--and perhaps the preeminent--line of cleavage dividing the Malaysian electorate. Rather than simply a Muslim/ non-Muslim dichotomy to parallel long-dominant racial divisions, this split also cuts across Malay Muslims and has made politics increasingly contentious, volatile, and uncertain. The ultimate outcome could be a significant reorientation of Malaysia's trajectory of political development.