Why Are Toll Plazas Always Congested‪?‬

Unlike traffic lights, toll plazas only divide traffic into two phases. So, traffic there must be a very smooth process. But the reality is that most toll plazas are congested, if not severely congested. This book uses traffic light mathematics to explain this congestion and proposes new ideas for solving the problem. The conclusion is that toll plazas serve no purpose at all when tolls can be collected through other means.