Human Rights and the Rights of Nature (Essay‪)‬

With human rights issues increasingly in the news (the fiftieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration, the Pinochet case, and more), we have seen a renewed interest in extending the concept of rights to nonhuman entities. Despite the well-established hesitation or even skepticism about this "extensionism" in the writings of many environmental philosophers, there is an almost casual acceptance of the idea among many others, and an assumption that it must be the next and obvious step for the enlightened mind to take. This essay goes in the opposite direction, examining the arguments for human rights and denying their applicability beyond humanity. Nor do I think rights, within the usual meaning of the word, can be secured for nonhuman entities by any other route. Introduction