All Against All

"This crisply written, well-documented account . . . examines diplomatic, military, political and economic developments in a crucial period leading up to WWII" (Publishers Weekly)
All Against All is the story of how a single winter, between November 1932 and April 1933, put the postwar world back on the path to global conflict. Historian Paul Jankowski reveals how domestic passions within various nations colluded to drive their governments towards a war few of them wanted and none of them could control.


Over these six months, collective delusions took hold in both liberal and authoritarian regimes. Hitler came to power; Japan invaded Jehol and left the League of Nations; Mussolini looked towards Africa; Roosevelt was elected; France changed governments three times; and the victors of the Great War fell out acrimoniously over war debts, arms, currency, tariffs, and Germany. A world economic conference offered hope, only to collapse when the US went its own way.

All Against All reconstructs a series of seemingly disparate happenings whose connections can only be appraised in retrospect. As he weaves these stories together, Jankowski offers a cautionary tale for our times. While we do not know for certain where today's crises will take us, we do know that those of the 1930s culminated in the Second World War.