From Grain-Sized Innovations to Triple-Test Patents in ASEAN: Patterns, Issues, And Implications in Development and Competitiveness‪.‬

I. Introductory Remarks The dynamics of knowledge generation and diffusion have been fundamentally transformed by the rapid and cumulative progress in science and technology (S&T) and the consequently astounding and continuous decline in the cost of information and communications technologies (ICTs). The progressive and innovative incorporation of "artificial intelligence" into an ever larger number of products, equipment, production methods, and services has given rise to the knowledge-based economies (KBEs) and the comparative advantages enjoyed by them. (1) This is because competitiveness is increasingly underpinned by the cost-effective acquisition and application of new knowledge, the self-reinforcing complementarities between new and existing knowledge, the speeds of learning and ongoing competence-building, and the tactical and strategic deployment of existing proprietary knowledge by entrepreneurs and firms (Carr 2003; Popp 2003; Shapiro 2000; and Lanjouw and Schankerman 1999).