Kazakhstan's Geoeconomic Quest for Power in a Multipolar World: History on the Steppes from Tsars to the Soviets, Military and Security, Oil Fields and Uranium, President Nursultan Nazarbayev

This late 2017 report has been professionally converted for accurate flowing-text e-book format reproduction.

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan has managed to overcome a crumpling economy and ethnic tensions to become the wealthiest and most internationally respected republic in Central Asia: the only one to garner membership and leadership roles in the United Nations Security Council and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. How has Kazakhstan achieved this, given its history of oppression by foreign powers and its remote and vulnerable geography? Abandoning the logic of realism, President Nursultan Nazarbayev rejected the militaristic route to building state power, including giving up inherited Soviet nuclear weapons. Instead, he has implemented a "multi-vector" foreign policy that utilizes Kazakhstan's mineral resource wealth and geopolitical position, taking advantage of major powers' dependence on imported natural resources to build leverage. By examining his strategies through the lens of geoeconomics, this thesis sheds light on how a producer state can peacefully gain power vis-a-vis stronger neighbors in the modern international arena, what that means for U.S. foreign policy in dealing with illiberal regimes, and what challenges still lie ahead that may threaten to derail Kazakhstan's unexpected and remarkable rise.

I. INTRODUCTION * A. SIGNIFICANCE: KAZAKHSTAN, RESOURCES, AND THE OVERLOOKED MIDDLE POWER * B. LITERATURE REVIEW * 1. Power: A Theoretical Grounding * 2. The Case of Kazakhstan * C. HYPOTHESES * D. RESEARCH DESIGN * E. THESIS OVERVIEW * II. BACKGROUND: A BRIEF HISTORY ON THE STEPPES * A. GEOGRAPHY * B. UNDER THE TSARS AND SOVIETS * C. AFTER INDEPENDENCE * III. MILITARY AND SECURITY: MIGHT IS NOT RIGHT * A. A DECIMATED LAND * B. DISARMAMENT: IDEALISM OR PRAGMATISM? * C. NON-AGGRESSION IN AN INSECURE WORLD * D. PARTNER TO ALL, ALLY OF NONE * E. CONCLUSION * IV. ECONOMY: THE GEOECONOMIC STRATEGIES * A. THROUGH A DIFFERENT LOOKING-GLASS * B. OIL * 1. A History of Neglect and Dependency * 2. The Oil Fields * 3. Implementing the "Multi-vector" Policy * C. URANIUM * 1. Background * 2. Applying Multi-vectorism to Uranium * D. CONCLUSION * V. THE KAZAKHSTAN WAY: TO NOW AND FORWARD * A. ACHIEVEMENTS SO FAR * B. CHALLENGES AHEAD * 1. Corruption * 2. Economic Reform and Diversification * 3. Political Succession * C. IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. FOREIGN POLICY