Value-Adding and Value-Extracting Entrepreneurship at the Margins‪.‬

Introduction Entrepreneurship is widely regarded as a driver of economic development and growth (Harper, 2003). Williams (2008) argues there appears to be a clear distinction between "necessity-driven" entrepreneurs pushed into entrepreneurship because other options for work are absent or unsatisfactory, and "opportunity-driven" entrepreneurs who engage in entrepreneurship out of choice. In this paper, however, we utilize a different bifurcation of entrepreneurs operating at the margins: "value-adding" and "value-extracting" entrepreneurs. To do this, empirical evidence will be presented from interviews with two entrepreneurs.