2010: U.S. Drug and Alcohol Policy, Looking Back and Moving Forward (Report‪)‬

This review of U.S. federal domestic drug and alcohol policy begins with a brief look at the mid-nineteenth and early twentieth century background. While including some aspects of mental health policy, we have excluded policy on tobacco and cigarettes, although smoking is a major health hazard associated with disease and all types of substance abuse. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) did not regulate cigarettes until 2009. Also beyond the scope of this article are the details of federal policy on medicinal cannabis, prescription opioid analgesics, methamphetamine and other stimulants, anabolic steroid drugs, and a host of other substances liable to abuse, including LSD, PCP, club drugs such as Ecstasy (MDMA), "designer heroin," inhalants, mushrooms, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum. (For further information on such issues see Inaba 2007; Lowinson et al. 2005; Lester, Andreozzi & Appiah 2004; Doblin 2001; Brooks 1997). EARLY STAGES OF CRIMINALIZATION AND PROSCRIPTION OF TREATMENT