Mutual Aid

Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, published in 1902, is a foundational anarchist and evolutionary theory work by Peter Kropotkin. Challenging the social Darwinist idea of “survival of the fittest,” Kropotkin argues that cooperation and mutual support are central to the evolution of species and human societies. Drawing on examples from nature, history, and anthropology, the book promotes a vision of social organization rooted in solidarity. It remains a cornerstone of anarchist theory and a key contribution to evolutionary ethics.