The Methods of Ethics

Henry Sidgwick's The Methods of Ethics is one of the most rigorous and influential works of moral philosophy in the English language. First published in 1874, it examines the three main ways we reason about right and wrong: egoism, which seeks one's own happiness; intuitionism, which holds that certain duties are self-evident; and utilitarianism, which aims at the greatest happiness of all. Sidgwick does not simply defend one view; he tests each method against common-sense morality and asks whether they can be reconciled.

The book is demanding but rewarding. Sidgwick writes with precision and honesty, considering objections and qualifications before reaching conclusions. He explores fundamental questions: Can we prove that we ought to be moral? Is self-interest ultimately in conflict with the general good? What is the nature of ethical judgment? His conclusion—that reason may lead to a dualism between egoism and utilitarianism—remains a central problem in ethics.

This edition is designed for general readers, students, and book clubs. It includes the complete text of the sixth edition of The Methods of Ethics, with Sidgwick's prefaces and footnotes, a new introduction that sets the book in context, a guide to key ideas, a summary of the argument, an overview of major themes, a glossary of terms, and discussion questions to spark conversation. Whether you are new to philosophy or returning to Sidgwick, this edition will help you navigate his challenging and important work.