History of the Phoenician Civilization

Phoenicia was a great and highly influential ancient civilization that originated in the Eastern Mediterranean. Scholars generally agree that it included the coastal areas of today's Lebanon, northern Israel and southern Syria reaching as far north as Arwad. Phoenician civilization spread across the Mediterranean between 1500 BC and 300 BC. Phoenician colonies reached the Western Mediterranean, most notably Carthage, and even the Atlantic Ocean. Phoenician writing became one of the most widely used writing systems, spread by Phoenician merchants across the Mediterranean world, where it evolved and was assimilated by many other cultures.

Contents:

The Land

Climate and Productions

The People—origin and Characteristics

The Cities

The Colonies

Architecture

Aethetic Art

Industrial Art and Manufactures

Ships, Navigation, and Commerce

Mining

Religion

Dress, Ornaments, and Social Habits

Phoenician Writing, Language, and Literature

Political History

Phoenicia, Before the Establishment of the Hegemony of Tyre.

Phoenicia Under the Hegemony of Tyre

Phoenicia During the Period of Its Subjection to Assyria

Phoenicia During Its Struggles With Babylon and Egypt

Phoenicia Under the Persians

Phoenicia in the Time of Alexander the Great

Phoenicia Under the Greeks

Phoenicia Under the Romans