One Hundred Eighty Landings of United States Marines 1800: 1934: History of Controversial Punitive Adventures in Foreign Lands, Pirates, Lejeune, Perry, Fitzroy, Cuba, USS Philadelphia

Ellsworth's 180 Landings, to use its popular title, has not been superseded by a more detailed or comprehensive coverage since its original publication forty years ago. It concerns itself with four basic causes for landings: (1) political intervention, (2) punitive actions, (3) protection of diplomatic mission, nationals, and their property, and (4) humanitarian. Many of these landings were solely Marine Corps affairs, a number were joint with Navy personnel. International cooperation with one or more foreign powers characterize some of these. The effect of landing Marines on international law has long been a matter of legal speculation. The virtual abandonment of the Monroe Doctrine, the dropping of the Piatt Amendment, the elimination of the "Open Door" policy in China, and the development of international organizations such as the Organization of American States and the United Nations have created a new climate in international relations. As a result, political interventions and punitive actions no longer occur as frequently as in the Corps' early days. Landings for humanitarian reasons are still carried out and are non-controversial in the international community.

Some of the topics and subjects covered in this important history: Major Lejeune, Emperor Menelik, Commodore Perry, Commander Fitzroy, Boxer Rebellion, Cuba, Guantanamo Bay, Pirates and Piracy, Seal Poaching, Tartars, "Sword Rock" Hoo, Panama, Shanghai, Jose Santos Zelaya, Commodore David Porter, Colonel Pendleton, Commander Belknap, USS Panther, Sandino, USS Monocacy, USS Philadelphia, Tripoli, Mamelukes, Lieutenant O'Bannon.

Chronology: 1800 Dominican Republic * 1804 Tripoli * 1805 Tripoli * 1813 Marquesas Islands * 1814 Marquesas Islands * 1824 Porto Rico * 1831 Falkland Islands * 1832 Falkland Islands * 1832 Sumatra * 1833 Argentina * 1835 Peru * 1836 Peru * 1838 Sumatra * 1839 Sumatra * 1840 Feejee Islands * 1841 Drummonds Island * 1841 Samoa * 1843 Africa * 1851 Johanna Island * 1852 Argentina * 1852 Nicaragua * 1853 Japan * 1853 Luchu Islands * 1853 Nicaragua * 1853 Siam * 1854 China * 1854 Japan * 1854 Luchu Islands * 1854 Nicaragua * 1855 China * 1855 Feejee Islands * 1855 Uruguay * 1856 China * 1858 Feejee Islands * 1858 Uruguay * 1859 China * 1860 Africa * 1860 Colombia * 1860 Japan * 1863 Japan * 1866 China * 1867 Formosa * 1867 Japan * 1868 Japan * 1868 Uruguay * 1870 Hawaiian Islands * 1870 Mexico * 1871 Corea * 1873 Colombia * 1874 Hawaiian Islands * 1878 France * 1882 Egypt * 1885 Colombia * 1888 Corea * 1888 Haiti * 1888 Samoa * 1889 France * 1889 Hawaiian Islands * 1890 Argentina * 1890 Japan * 1891 Bering Sea (Seal Poaching) * 1891 Chile * 1891 Navasea Island * 1893 Hawaiian Islands * 1894 China * 1894 Corea * 1894 Nicaragua * 1895 China * 1895 Colombia * 1895 Corea * 1895 Trinidad (B.W.I.) * 1896 Corea * 1896 Nicaragua * 1898 China * 1898 Nicaragua * 1899 China * 1899 Nicaragua * 1899 Samoa * 1900 China * 1901 Colombia * 1902 Colombia * 1903 Abyssinia * 1903 Dominican Republic * 1903 Honduras * 1903 Panama * 1903 Syria * 1904 Africa * 1904 Corea * 1904 Dominican Republic * 1904 Panama * 1905 China * 1905 Corea * 1905 France * 1905 Russia * 1906 Cuba * 1907 Honduras * 1910 Nicaragua * 1911 China * 1912 China * 1912 Cuba * 1912 Nicaragua * 1913 China * 1913 Mexico * 1914 Haiti * 1914 Mexico * 1915 Haiti * 1916 Dominican Republic * 1917 Cuba * 1918 Russia * 1919 Russia * 1920 Russia * 1922 China * 1922 Nicaragua * 1924 China * 1924 Honduras * 1925 China * 1925 Honduras * 1925 Nicaragua * 1926 China * 1926 Nicaragua * 1927-34 China * 1927 Nicaragua * 1928-33 Nicaragua * 1934 Russia