Soil Quality of die off and die Back Mangrove Grown at Al-Jubail Area (Saudi Arabia) of the Arabian Gulf (Report‪)‬

INTRODUCTION The mangrove [Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh] is the highly adapted plants found in the tropical intertidal forest communities or the ecosystem itself (32). Mangrove plants are diverse group of predominantly trees, shrubs, palms and ground ferns growing around the mean sea level in the marine intertidal zone along tropical and subtropical coasts (20). The ecological functions of mangroves as land builder and coastline stabilizer are well known (33), (38). It is also known that mangroves are highly productive and provide suitable habitats, shelter, breeding sites and food source for various groups of fish and other coastal wildlife (37).