Being Black, Or Being a Cop: The Problem of Race in American Law Enforcement (1)‪.‬

Introduction Police misconduct dates back three centuries (Skolnick, 1966; Niederhoffer, 1967). According to Johnson (2001) and Johnson and Cox (2004/2005), over several decades, various structural, organizational and socio-professional methods have been applied to change American police practices and procedures in an attempt to eliminate misconduct. These attempts have been founded in the (mistaken) belief that police misconduct is the result of a few officers gone "rogue" (Johnson, 2001; Johnson & Cox, 2004/2005).