Debt, Investment, Slaves

” . . .  the only book-length study documenting the use of human collateral in the nineteenth century.” —The Journal of Southern History

For his landmark Debt, Investment, Slaves, Louisiana attorney Richard Holcombe Kilbourne Jr. performed a thorough survey of parish mortgage records and other manuscripts to create a rich map of antebellum credit relationships in the region. He demonstrates that most credit relationships, collateralized and uncollateralized, were grounded in slave property and not, as a contemporary reader would assume, land or other forms of wealth. Antebellum slavery was thus not only an arrangement of labor, but also an arrangement of finance and economics that shaped all of Southern life and politics. For this reason, defeat in the Civil War and emancipation not only freed enslaved people to work and earn wages, it occasioned a monumental credit implosion from which the Southern economy did not recover for the remainder of the nineteenth century. 

To understand the antebellum South, it is necessary to set aside assumptions shared by modern Americans about the nature of borrowing, lending, banking, and investing. Kilbourne’s seminal work reminds readers of the absence of banks outside of major cities like Charleston, New Orleans, and Mobile. He explains the defined and ad hoc roles that regional banks, intermediary lenders, and flexible agents (“factors”) played in the absence of a robust banking system. He persuasively shows that this network of borrowers and lenders was based to an extent not well understood today on bondage. He then demonstrates how this fragile and improvised financial system had no ability to respond to the shocks and disruptions of war. 

Setting out to write a book of local history, Kilbourne achieved an enduring work that illuminated aspects of Southern life that are indispensable to understanding American history.