How Race Is Made
Slavery, Segregation, and the Senses
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- $19.99
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- $19.99
Publisher Description
For at least two centuries, argues Mark Smith, white southerners used all of their senses--not just their eyes--to construct racial difference and define race. His provocative analysis, extending from the colonial period to the mid-twentieth century, shows how whites of all classes used the artificial binary of "black" and "white" to justify slavery and erect the political, legal, and social structure of segregation.
Based on painstaking research, How Race Is Made is a highly original, always frank, and often disturbing book. After enslaved Africans were initially brought to America, the offspring of black and white sexual relationships (consensual and forced) complicated the purely visual sense of racial typing. As mixed-race people became more and more common and as antebellum race-based slavery and then postbellum racial segregation became central to southern society, white southerners asserted that they could rely on their other senses--touch, smell, sound, and taste--to identify who was "white" and who was not. Sensory racial stereotypes were invented and irrational, but at every turn, Smith shows, these constructions of race, immune to logic, signified difference and perpetuated inequality.
Smith argues that the history of southern race relations and the construction of racial difference on which that history is built cannot be understood fully on the basis of sight alone. In order to come to terms with the South's past and present, Smith says, we must explore the sensory dynamics underpinning the deeply emotional construction of race. How Race Is Made takes a bold step toward that understanding.
PUBLISHERS WEEKLY
Smith, "an Englishman who studies Southern history," challenges notions of race as defined by sight alone, digging into Southern history to argue all five senses played roles in how race was defined and how our understanding of it has evolved. He begins with a crude (yet apt) anecdote that exemplifies his agenda of showing how "the association between the senses and emotion, between race-thinking and gut feeling, was, in many ways, a central theme of Southern history." From there, he quickly takes the readers back to the shores of 16th-century Africa, where European merchants were stunned by the presence of men "as blacke as coles." As European and African cultures became increasingly intertwined, whites from all points across the social spectrum "racialized what was in effect a class distinction," so that "lower-class whites elevated themselves" and looked down at (judging by the mid-century cartoon reproductions Smith includes) foul-smelling, ape-like miscreants. Enmeshed in these concepts are striking details such as how Europeans found Native Americans to smell sweet and compared the olfactory capabilities of Africans to dogs. Smith's research is rich and his prose accessible, making this an ideal primer on the socio-anthropological underpinnings of race.
