Inciting Striving Speech (I.E., BS) and Imperfect Dialogical Exchanges Is Exactly What Is Needed in Higher Education Today (Report‪)‬

INTRODUCTION Harry Frankfurt's (1) recent book On Bullshit is a formal analysis of a very important and pervasive phenomenon in all human discourse: i.e., B******t. Originally published as a journal article 20 years ago in Raritan, the book form published in 2005 by Princeton University Press has received favorable reviews and has been on the bestseller list in several different markets. Frankfurt, an American moral philosopher, attempts to provide a theoretical basis for the study of bullshit, which, in his words, is produced whenever a person's obligations or opportunities to speak about some topic exceed his knowledge of the facts that are relevant to that topic (1). Similar in many ways to Max Black's concept of humbug (quackery, nonsense or pretentious and deceptive misrepresentations that fall short of a lie), Frankfurt clearly takes a negative and pejorative view of what he calls bullshit. Unlike the liar who knows the truth yet chooses to deceive, the bullshitter ignores the truth and is, therefore, a greater enemy of the truth than the liar (1).