Operational Cybersecurity Risks and Their Effect on Adoption of Additive Manufacturing in the Naval Domain: Navy, Air Force, Army Survey of 3D Printing Technology for Military and Security Threats

This fascinating December 2017 report has been professionally converted for accurate flowing-text e-book format reproduction.

Additive manufacturing (AM) has been proven to provide multiple benefits over traditional manufacturing methods including cost-savings, mission adaptability, and increased unit capabilities. Multiple Department of Defense (DOD) organizations are exploring and utilizing AM technology, and efforts are ongoing to determine how best to achieve large-scale adoption of AM in the U.S. Navy (USN). The primary concern that must be addressed is the trustworthiness of AM objects to ensure they will not increase risks to personnel, equipment, and systems. Including cybersecurity throughout the AM life cycle is a necessary component of protecting AM data and ensuring trust in AM objects to support adoption. This thesis reviews aspects of cybersecurity domain as it is applied to AM, and discusses the insights of a survey conducted with USN, U.S. Army (USA), and U.S. Air Force (USAF) resident NPS students. The goal of the survey was to contrast current understanding of adoption of technology and cybersecurity threats in AM, with the knowledge, attitudes, and opinions that prospective users have. The thesis identifies barriers to achieve large-scale adoption of AM in the naval domain with special emphasis on cybersecurity, and proposes approaches to address those barriers and support accelerated adoption of AM.

I. INTRODUCTION * A. RESEARCH DOMAIN * B. MOTIVATION FOR RESEARCH * C. RESEARCH QUESTIONS * D. SCOPE * E. THESIS CONTRIBUTION * F. THESIS STRUCTURE * II. BACKGROUND * A. BRIEF HISTORY AND EXPLANATION OF AM * 1. Benefits of AM * 2. Concerns * B. CURRENT STATE OF NAVAL AM DOMAIN * C. AM DIGITAL THREAD AND CYBERSECURITY * D. DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION * 1. Conditions for Successful Adoption * E. HUMAN ROLE IN CYBERSECURITY * III. AM CYBERSECURITY THREATS IN NAVAL DOMAIN * A. INTRODUCTION * B. DATA INPUT * C. INSIDER THREAT * D. POWER THREATS * E. CHAPTER SUMMARY * IV. USER STUDY * A. INTRODUCTION * B. STUDY DESIGN * C. METHODOLOGY * D. APPARATUS * E. SUBJECTS * F. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION * 1. Demographics * 2. Use of Technology, Exposure to Media, and Technology Influences * 3. Use of Applications, Exposure to Media and Application Influences * 4. Recreational Resources * 5. 3D Printing * 6. Adoption * 7. Cyber * G. CHAPTER SUMMARY * V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS * A. MAIN CONCLUSIONS * 1. Layered Solutions * 2. Stand-Alone Ability * 3. Adoption Impediments * B. THESIS CONTRIBUTIONS * C. FUTURE WORK * 1. Joint AM * 2. Blockchain applicability