The Crowd

In The Crowd, Le Bon posits that with the rise of democracy and industrialization, it's the unreasoning crowds who will control the affairs of the people, not kings or the elite; and these crowds are largely irrational in action, conservative in thought, violent both in act and in speech, and easily hypnotized by individuals with prestige but not intelligence. Le Bon is ultimately cynical in how he views this development in human affairs. Individuals in crowds feel anonymous and powerful, leading to destruction and violence; and the susceptibility of crowds to pure charisma means that they're easily dominated by thuggish men of action, not wise men of foresight. People in a crowd are "a grain of sand amid other grains of sand, which the wind stirs up at will." His conclusion is that the increasing relevance and power of crowds in modern society will lead to negative outcomes in the long term. In his view, democracy can only lead to more and more violent crowds, who demand charismatic figureheads to give them meaning. As one of the earliest examples of the study of crowd psychology, The Crowd was a direct influence on many titanic figures in 20th-century history, including Theodore Roosevelt, Freud, Mussolini, Lenin, and Hitler.