Values at the Core

Throughout the history of mankind, the rise of societies, whether civilizations, nations, or communities, has been a story of human achievement. From the rise of the Akkadian empire in ancient Mesopotamia to the re-emergence of modern China, people constitute the basic denominator upon which societies build their success. The way people around the world think and behave is guided by a complex system of values. These values constitute key factors in the way economies are structured and their potential for further growth. To a large extent, they explain why Japan has gone through multiple lost decades; why Nordic countries accept the highest tax rates in the world, making their societies much more equal; why China has such a large trade surplus with the United States; or why some nations become stuck in a middle-income trap. It is these values, coupled with the right policies, that ultimately determine the destiny of nations.In this book, we explore how the combination of human values and policies affects national economic outcomes. We focus on certain key values conducive to growth: are people of a given nation, on average, hardworking, thrifty? Do they trust each other? Are they risk-takers? The harder people work, the higher the growth potential. Different savings patterns determine, to a large extent, whether a country will grow through investments and exports or consumption, and have generated large global imbalances over time. Trust goes a long way in explaining wealth and income inequalities and the role that governments can play in minimizing those inequalities. Economies with highly risk-averse citizens will stall. We also identify policies which have the greatest impact on economies. Political stability, much more so than any form of governance, is a precondition for growth. Free markets imply a process of creative destruction, free and fair competition, and a level playing field among companies. An educated workforce is a vital enabler of higher productivity and innovation. Corruption can seriously derail growth once it becomes endemic. Sound fiscal and monetary policies stabilize an economy as it goes through cycles and can greatly contribute to a more equal society and a more robust financial sector.Contents: IntroductionValues:Hard WorkThriftTrustRisk-takingPolicies:Political StabilityFree MarketsEducationCorruptionFiscal PolicyMonetary PolicyConclusion
Readership: General public interested in the economic disparity between countries. Policymakers around the world in charge of designing economic policies. Undergraduate and graduate students, and scholars specialising in developmental economics and political economy. Values;Culture;Growth;Economic Growth;Development;Hard Work;Thrift;Trust;Social trust;Risk-Taking;China;Confucianism;Protestant Work Ethic;Policies;Political Stability;Free Markets;Education;Corruption;Rule of Law;Fiscal Policy;Monetary Policy;Covid-19;Coronavirus0Key Features:This book offers a unique perspective on our understanding of why some nations become richer than others, providing valuable guidance to policymakers around the world. Other theories of developmental economics neglect either values or policies; as such they are incomplete, with countless examples to disprove them. We firmly believe that our conclusions apply to every nation without exceptionBy incorporating values into the study of policies, this book also provides other unique insights, such as the importance of hard work in explaining cross-country education performance, the thriftiness of a population in determining whether an economy should focus on exports for its growth, or the level of social trust in explaining the efficiency of tax and redistributive policies